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There are hundreds of different coffee species, the two most common being robusta and arabica. Robusta is a hardier plant that grows at lower altitudes and produces beans with a harsher flavour and higher caffeine content. The arabica plant grows at high altitudes (3,000 to 6,500 feet or approximately 914 to 1,828 meters) and produces beans with a smoother, more elegant flavour and slightly less caffeine.

Roasting times greatly affect the colour and flavour of coffee—the longer the beans are roasted, the stronger the flavour. Among the most popular roasts are American, French, Italian, European, and Viennese. American roast or regular roast beans are medium-roasted for a moderate brew. French roast and dark French roast are heavily roasted, yielding deep chocolate brown beans and producing a stronger coffee. Italian roast are heavily roasted, glossy, brown-black beans that are strongly flavoured and used for espresso. European roast contains two-thirds heavy-roast beans blended with one-third regular-roast; Viennese roast reverses those proportions. Instant coffee is a powdered coffee made by heat-drying freshly brewed coffee. Freeze-drying coffee removes water content by means of a vacuum, with the coffee solidly frozen and preserved during the process. Bottled coffee drinks are also available, with milk, sugar, and other sweeteners and flavours.

No matter the variety, all types of coffee contain significant amounts of caffeine, with the exception, of course, of decaffeinated coffee. Decaffeinated coffee is produced by one of two methods. Caffeine can be chemically extracted with the use of a solvent, which must be completely washed out before the beans are dried. Using the Swiss water process, the beans are steamed, then the caffeine-rich outer layers are scraped away. The solvent method compromises the flavour of the coffee. The Swiss water process is considered the most desirable method.

Here is the approximate caffeine content of a variety of coffee products. Keep in mind that the numbers provided are not exact:

• Brewed (8 oz./250mL) = 85mg of caffeine

• Instant (8 oz./250mL) = 75mg of caffeine

• Decaffeinated, brewed (8 oz./250mL) = 3mg of caffeine

• Decaffeinated, instant (8 oz./250mL) = 3mg of caffeine

• Espresso (1 oz./30mL) = 40mg of caffeine

• Cappuccino and Latte (1 oz./30mL) = 40mg of caffeine